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metal prints rhizobium metal prints rhizobium leguminosarum metal prints nitrogen fixation metal prints symbiosis metal prints mutualism metal prints root metal prints root nodule metal prints soil bacteria metal prints ammonium metal prints fertiliser metal prints agriculture metal prints chemical industry metal prints sem metal prints farming metal prints scanning electron micrograph metal prints

photographs rhizobium photos rhizobium leguminosarum photos nitrogen fixation photos symbiosis photos mutualism photos root photos root nodule photos soil bacteria photos ammonium photos fertiliser photos agriculture photos chemical industry photos sem photos farming photos scanning electron micrograph photos

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Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of nitrogen-fixing nodules on a root of clover (Trifolium repens). At centre (brown) is a small nodule, with a second to bottom left. They are the plant's reaction to an infection by the soil bacterium R. leguminosarum. Inside the nodule, the bacterium is able to 'fix' atmospheric nitrogen, producing ammonium salts. This is an example of symbiosis (mutualism); the bacterium benefits from plant carbohydrates made by photosynthesis, and the plant benefits from the fixed nitrogen. Artificial fertilisers contain nitrogen as ammonium or nitrates; leguminous crops that support a variety of Rhizobium species require less applied chemical fertiliser. The amount of nitrogen fixed globally by bacteria (principally Rhizobium spp.) is about 150-200 million tonnes per year, or three times the output of the global chemical fertiliser industry. Magnification: x25 at 10x8.

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